222- 01 August 2023 - The Use of Networks of Triangulatory Proximity Circuits to Detect and Characterize the Movement of Vehicles and Personnel in Urban Environments Without the Emission of Detectable EM or Acoustic Noise
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223 - 01 August 2023 - Bruteforced Directional Calibration in search of Nearest Neighbor (BDCNN) for Prevention of the Detection of Data Exfiltration by Multi-Node, Short-Range Sensor Networks and for Establishment of Relative Sensor Position in Support of Analytical Functions
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224 - 03 August 2023 - Revolutionary Neuromorphic Computing Capability Made Possible by New Hypothesis Concerning White Matter's Role in Signal Sequence Inversion and Pathological Deception
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15 August 2023 - Diagonal Transmission of Alternating Current Through 2D Conductive Material Sheets Connected at Corners for Hall Effect Mitigation in Nascent Stages for Efficient Electrical Transmission
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228 - 17 August 2023 - Electrically-Controlled Variable Acidity Adhesive Plastics for Remotely Triggered and/or Time-Delayed Initiation of Corrosive Processes, Particularly in Maritime Environs
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NASA uses lasers to send information to and from Earth, employing invisible beams to traverse the skies, sending terabytes of data – pictures and videos – to increase our knowledge of the universe. This capability is known as laser, or optical, communications, even though these eye-safe, infrared beams can’t be seen by human eyes.
“We are thrilled by the promise laser communications will offer in the coming years,” says Badri Younes, deputy associate administrator and program manager for Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) at NASA Headquarters in Washington. “These missions and demonstrations usher in NASA's new Decade of Light in which NASA will work with other government agencies and the commercial sector to dramatically expand future communications capabilities for space exploration and enable vibrant and robust economic opportunities.”
Laser communications systems provide missions with increased data rates, meaning they can send and receive more information in a single transmission compared to traditional radio waves. Additionally, the systems are lighter, more flexible, and more secure. Laser communications can supplement radio frequency communications, which most NASA missions use today.
Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD)
Illustration of LCRD relaying data from ILLUMA-T on the International Space Station to a ground station on Earth.
Credits: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Dave Ryan
On Dec. 7, 2021, the Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) launched into orbit, about 22,000 miles from Earth to test the capabilities of laser communications. LCRD is the agency’s first technology demonstration of a two-way laser relay system. Now that LCRD is in orbit, NASA’s laser communications advancements continue.
LCRD Experimenters Program
In May 2022, NASA certified that LCRD is ready to conduct experiments. These experiments are testing and refining laser systems — the mission’s overall goal. Experiments provided by NASA, other government agencies, academia, and industry are measuring the long-term effects of the atmosphere on laser communications signals; assessing the technology’s applicability for future missions; and testing on-orbit laser relay capabilities.“We will start receiving some experiment results almost immediately, while others are long-term and will take time for trends to emerge during LCRD’s two-year experiment period,” said Rick Butler, project lead for the LCRD experimenters program at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “LCRD will answer the aerospace industry’s questions about laser communications as an operational option for high bandwidth applications.”
“The program is still looking for new experiments, and anyone who is interested should reach out,” said Butler. “We are tapping into the laser communications community and these experiments will show how optical will work for international organizations, industry, and academia.”
NASA is continuing to accept proposals for new experiments to help refine optical technologies, increase knowledge, and identify future applications.
LCRD will even relay data submitted by the public shortly after its launch in the form of New Year's resolutions shared with NASA social media accounts. These resolutions will be transmitted from a ground station in California and relayed through LCRD to another ground station located in Hawaii as yet another demonstration of LCRD’s capabilities.
TeraByte InfraRed Delivery (TBIRD)
Illustration of TBIRD downlinking data over lasers links to Optical Ground Station 1 in California.
Credits: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Dave Ryan
Recently following LCRD, the TeraByte InfraRed Delivery (TBIRD) payload launched on May 25, 2022, as part of the Pathfinder Technology Demonstrator 3 (PTD-3) mission, from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station on SpaceX’s Transporter-5 rideshare mission. TBIRD will showcase 200-gigabit-per-second data downlinks – the highest optical rate ever achieved by NASA.
TBIRD is continuing NASA’s optical communications infusion by demonstrating the benefits lasers communications could have for near-Earth science missions that capture important data and large detailed images. TBIRD is sending back terabytes of data in a single pass, demonstrating the benefits of higher bandwidth, and giving NASA more insight into the capabilities of laser communications on small satellites. TBIRD is the size of a tissue box!
“In the past, we’ve designed our instruments and spacecraft around the constraint of how much data we can get down or back from space to Earth,” said TBIRD Project Manager Beth Keer. “With optical communications, we’re blowing that out of the water as far as the amount of data we can bring back. It is truly a game-changing capability.”
Integrated LCRD Low-Earth Orbit User Modem and Amplifier Terminal (ILLUMA-T)
Illustration of ILLUMA-T communicating science and exploration data from the International Space Station to LCRD.
Credits: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Dave Ryan
Launching on a SpaceX commercial resupply mission to the International Space Station, the Integrated LCRD Low-Earth Orbit User Modem and Amplifier Terminal (ILLUMA-T) will bring laser communications to the orbiting laboratory and empower astronauts living and working there with enhanced data capabilities.
ILLUMA-T will gather information from experiments aboard the station and send the data to LCRD at 1.2 gigabits per second. At this rate, a feature-length movie could be downloaded in under a minute. LCRD will then relay this information down to ground stations in Hawaii or California.
“ILLUMA-T and LCRD will work together to become the first laser system to demonstrate low-Earth orbit to geosynchronous orbit to ground communications links,” said Chetan Sayal, project manager for ILLUMA-T at NASA Goddard.
Orion Artemis II Optical Communications System (O2O)
Illustration of NASA's O2O laser communications terminal sending high-resolution data from the Artemis II mission.
Credits: NASA
The Orion Artemis II Optical Communications System (O2O) will bring laser communications to the Moon aboard NASA’s Orion spacecraft during the Artemis II mission. O2O will be capable of transmitting high-resolution images and video when astronauts return to the lunar region for the first time in over 50 years. Artemis II will be the first crewed lunar flight to demonstrate laser communications technologies, sending data to Earth with a downlink rate of up to 260 megabits per second.
“By infusing new laser communications technologies into the Artemis missions, we’re empowering our astronauts with more access to data than ever before,” said O2O Project Manager Steve Horowitz. “The higher the data rates, the more information our instruments can send home to Earth, and the more science our lunar explorers can perform.”
...
NASA’s laser communications endeavors extend into deep space as well. Currently, NASA is working on a future terminal that could test laser communications against extreme distances and challenging pointing constraints.
Whether bringing laser communications to near-Earth missions, the Moon, or deep space, the infusion of optical systems will be integral for future NASA missions. Laser communications’ higher data rates will enable exploration and science missions to send more data back to Earth and discover more about the universe. NASA will be able to use information from images, video, and experiments to explore not just the near-Earth region, but to also prepare for future missions to Mars and beyond.
See: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2022/the-future-of-laser-communications
See the panel at Booz Allen Hamilton discuss laser SatCom: https://www.boozallen.com/d/multimedia/2019-directed-energy-summit-video-highlights.html
Laser-Based Satellite and Inter-satellite Communication Systems: Advanced Technologies and Performance Analysis
AbstractThis chapter introduces the developments of concept technologies needed for establishing global broadband communication and connectivity using satellite constellations at different orbits. Each satellite belonging to a constellation will be equipped with laser/optical transceivers for transferring data communication information between them as well as from/to the constellation of optical ground stations (OGSs). This chapter discusses the most recent free-space optical (FSO) communication technology advances to achieve all-optical high-capacity communication systems for seamless global communication system performance. This chapter presents the concepts of optical satellite space networks relevant to constellation design and covers the establishment of satellite-aided Internet. Some of the device technologies include laser beam steering technology with no moving parts and the MEMS-based fast steering mirror specifically useful for CubeSat constellations. Inter-satellite communication system is also addressed for future development of constellation of satellites. Finally, satellite-based global quantum communications and integrated space networks are also discussed. Challenges and progresses for implementing quantum key distribution (QKD) over long distances across free-space channels are also specifically addressed in this chapter. Recent developments of implementing QKD for LEO-to-ground link as well as for inter-satellite links (ISLs) in the presence of atmospheric turbulence are discussed and explained.
From: Laser Communication with Constellation Satellites, UAVs, HAPs and Balloons, pp 199–229.
Advancing undersea optical communications
Lincoln Laboratory researchers are applying narrow-beam laser technology to enable communications between underwater vehicles.Nathan Parde | Lincoln Laboratory
Publication Date: August 17, 2018
Nearly five years ago, NASA and Lincoln Laboratory made history when the Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration (LLCD) used a pulsed laser beam to transmit data from a satellite orbiting the moon to Earth — more than 239,000 miles — at a record-breaking download speed of 622 megabits per second.
Now, researchers at Lincoln Laboratory are aiming to once again break new ground by applying the laser beam technology used in LLCD to underwater communications.
“Both our undersea effort and LLCD take advantage of very narrow laser beams to deliver the necessary energy to the partner terminal for high-rate communication,” says Stephen Conrad, a staff member in the Control and Autonomous Systems Engineering Group, who developed the pointing, acquisition, and tracking (PAT) algorithm for LLCD. “In regard to using narrow-beam technology, there is a great deal of similarity between the undersea effort and LLCD.”
However, undersea laser communication (lasercom) presents its own set of challenges. In the ocean, laser beams are hampered by significant absorption and scattering, which restrict both the distance the beam can travel and the data signaling rate. To address these problems, the Laboratory is developing narrow-beam optical communications that use a beam from one underwater vehicle pointed precisely at the receive terminal of a second underwater vehicle.
This technique contrasts with the more common undersea communication approach that sends the transmit beam over a wide angle but reduces the achievable range and data rate. “By demonstrating that we can successfully acquire and track narrow optical beams between two mobile vehicles, we have taken an important step toward proving the feasibility of the laboratory’s approach to achieving undersea communication that is 10,000 times more efficient than other modern approaches,” says Scott Hamilton, leader of the Optical Communications Technology Group, which is directing this R&D into undersea communication.
Most above-ground autonomous systems rely on the use of GPS for positioning and timing data; however, because GPS signals do not penetrate the surface of water, submerged vehicles must find other ways to obtain these important data. “Underwater vehicles rely on large, costly inertial navigation systems, which combine accelerometer, gyroscope, and compass data, as well as other data streams when available, to calculate position,” says Thomas Howe of the research team. “The position calculation is noise sensitive and can quickly accumulate errors of hundreds of meters when a vehicle is submerged for significant periods of time.”
This positional uncertainty can make it difficult for an undersea terminal to locate and establish a link with incoming narrow optical beams. For this reason, "We implemented an acquisition scanning function that is used to quickly translate the beam over the uncertain region so that the companion terminal is able to detect the beam and actively lock on to keep it centered on the lasercom terminal’s acquisition and communications detector," researcher Nicolas Hardy explains. Using this methodology, two vehicles can locate, track, and effectively establish a link, despite the independent movement of each vehicle underwater.
Once the two lasercom terminals have locked onto each other and are communicating, the relative position between the two vehicles can be determined very precisely by using wide bandwidth signaling features in the communications waveform. With this method, the relative bearing and range between vehicles can be known precisely, to within a few centimeters, explains Howe, who worked on the undersea vehicles’ controls.
To test their underwater optical communications capability, six members of the team recently completed a demonstration of precision beam pointing and fast acquisition between two moving vehicles in the Boston Sports Club pool in Lexington, Massachusetts. Their tests proved that two underwater vehicles could search for and locate each other in the pool within one second. Once linked, the vehicles could potentially use their established link to transmit hundreds of gigabytes of data in one session.
This summer, the team is traveling to regional field sites to demonstrate this new optical communications capability to U.S. Navy stakeholders. One demonstration will involve underwater communications between two vehicles in an ocean environment — similar to prior testing that the Laboratory undertook at the Naval Undersea Warfare Center in Newport, Rhode Island, in 2016. The team is planning a second exercise to demonstrate communications from above the surface of the water to an underwater vehicle — a proposition that has previously proven to be nearly impossible.
The undersea communication effort could tap into innovative work conducted by other groups at the laboratory. For example, integrated blue-green optoelectronic technologies, including gallium nitride laser arrays and silicon Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode array technologies, could lead to lower size, weight, and power terminal implementation and enhanced communication functionality.
In addition, the ability to move data at megabit-to gigabit-per-second transfer rates over distances that vary from tens of meters in turbid waters to hundreds of meters in clear ocean waters will enable undersea system applications that the laboratory is exploring.
Howe, who has done a significant amount of work with underwater vehicles, both before and after coming to the laboratory, says the team’s work could transform undersea communications and operations. “High-rate, reliable communications could completely change underwater vehicle operations and take a lot of the uncertainty and stress out of the current operation methods."
See: https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.04507
See: https://news.mit.edu/2018/advancing-undersea-optical-communications-0817
By harnessing quantum effects, we nowadays can use encryption that is in principle proven to withstand any conceivable attack. These fascinating quantum features have been implemented in metropolitan quantum networks around the world. In order to interconnect such networks over long distances, optical satellite communication is the method of choice. Standard telecommunication components allows one to efficiently implement quantum communication by measuring field quadratures (continuous variables). This opens the possibility to adapt our Laser Communication Terminals (LCTs) to quantum key distribution (QKD). First satellite measurement campaigns are currently validating this approach.
Hartmann352
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S_Edwards: You might find the following paper of interest:
An Advanced Noise Reduction and Edge Enhancement Algorithm
By Shih-Chia Huang 1 , Quoc-Viet Hoang 2,3, Trung-Hieu Le 1,3,* , Yan-Tsung Peng 4,*, Ching-Chun Huang 5, Cheng Zhang 6, Benjamin C. M. Fung 7, Kai-Han Cheng 4 and Sha-Wo Huang 4
Citation: Huang,S.-C.;Hoang,Q.-V.; Le, T.-H.; Peng, Y.-T.; Huang, C.-C.; Zhang, C.; Fung, B.C.M.; Cheng, K.-H.; Huang, S.-W. An Advanced Noise Reduction and Edge Enhancement Algorithm. Sensors2021,21,5391. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/s21165391
Academic Editor: Christophoros Nikou
Received: 1 July 2021 Accepted: 2 August 2021 Published: 10 August 2021
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations.
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).
1. Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; schuang@ntut.edu.tw
2. International Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering & Computer Science,
National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; viethqict@gmail.com
3. Faculty of Information Technology, Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, Hungyen 17000, Vietnam
4. Department of Computer Science, National Chengchi University, Taipei 11605, Taiwan; 108753143@nccu.edu.tw (K.-H.C.); 108753138@nccu.edu.tw (S.-W.H.)
5. Department of Computer Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; chingchun@cs.nctu.edu.tw
6. Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki 318-0022, Japan; cheng.zhang.abbott@vc.ibaraki.ac.jp
7. School of Information Studies, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1X1, Canada; ben.fung@mcgill.ca * Correspondence: hieult.ktmt@utehy.edu.vn (T.-H.L.); ytpeng@cs.nccu.edu.tw (Y.-T.P.)
Abstract: Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors can cause noise in images collected or transmitted in unfavorable environments, especially low-illumination scenarios. Numerous approaches have been developed to solve the problem of image noise removal. However, producing natural and high-quality denoised images remains a crucial challenge. To meet this challenge, we introduce a novel approach for image denoising with the following three main contributions. First, we devise a deep image prior-based module that can produce a noise-reduced image as well as a contrast-enhanced denoised one from a noisy input image. Second, the produced images are passed through a proposed image fusion (IF) module based on Laplacian pyramid decomposition* to combine them and prevent noise amplification and color shift. Finally, we introduce a progressive refinement (PR) module, which adopts the summed-area tables to take advantage of spatially corre- lated information for edge and image quality enhancement. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations demonstrate the efficiency, superiority, and robustness of our proposed method.
See: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/16/5391
Hartmann352
An Advanced Noise Reduction and Edge Enhancement Algorithm
By Shih-Chia Huang 1 , Quoc-Viet Hoang 2,3, Trung-Hieu Le 1,3,* , Yan-Tsung Peng 4,*, Ching-Chun Huang 5, Cheng Zhang 6, Benjamin C. M. Fung 7, Kai-Han Cheng 4 and Sha-Wo Huang 4
Citation: Huang,S.-C.;Hoang,Q.-V.; Le, T.-H.; Peng, Y.-T.; Huang, C.-C.; Zhang, C.; Fung, B.C.M.; Cheng, K.-H.; Huang, S.-W. An Advanced Noise Reduction and Edge Enhancement Algorithm. Sensors2021,21,5391. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/s21165391
Academic Editor: Christophoros Nikou
Received: 1 July 2021 Accepted: 2 August 2021 Published: 10 August 2021
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations.
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).
1. Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; schuang@ntut.edu.tw
2. International Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering & Computer Science,
National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; viethqict@gmail.com
3. Faculty of Information Technology, Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, Hungyen 17000, Vietnam
4. Department of Computer Science, National Chengchi University, Taipei 11605, Taiwan; 108753143@nccu.edu.tw (K.-H.C.); 108753138@nccu.edu.tw (S.-W.H.)
5. Department of Computer Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; chingchun@cs.nctu.edu.tw
6. Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki 318-0022, Japan; cheng.zhang.abbott@vc.ibaraki.ac.jp
7. School of Information Studies, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1X1, Canada; ben.fung@mcgill.ca * Correspondence: hieult.ktmt@utehy.edu.vn (T.-H.L.); ytpeng@cs.nccu.edu.tw (Y.-T.P.)
Abstract: Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors can cause noise in images collected or transmitted in unfavorable environments, especially low-illumination scenarios. Numerous approaches have been developed to solve the problem of image noise removal. However, producing natural and high-quality denoised images remains a crucial challenge. To meet this challenge, we introduce a novel approach for image denoising with the following three main contributions. First, we devise a deep image prior-based module that can produce a noise-reduced image as well as a contrast-enhanced denoised one from a noisy input image. Second, the produced images are passed through a proposed image fusion (IF) module based on Laplacian pyramid decomposition* to combine them and prevent noise amplification and color shift. Finally, we introduce a progressive refinement (PR) module, which adopts the summed-area tables to take advantage of spatially corre- lated information for edge and image quality enhancement. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations demonstrate the efficiency, superiority, and robustness of our proposed method.
See: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/16/5391
Hartmann352
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