Cosmology from quantum potential

Ahmed Farag and Saurya Das offer two papers explaining a non-singularity based theory of the universe which shows the universe having an infinite age.

Between the information contained in these two papers, I've included an explanation of the leading paper from physics.org.

When we discuss the Big Bang vs. the infinite steady state theories, I think that these papers, of the many to be found on this topic, offer the most easily understood with the most robust mathematical and physical framework.

This is not to say that I completely agree with the steady state of an infinite age theory, because I've been in agreement with Einstein's theories.

Higher mathematics combined with a greater ability to provide data to be crunched from ever more complicated and far more effective gathering of the electromagnetic spectrum from improved orbital, ground stationary and now, with the JWST located at Lagrange Point 2, may yet yield the incontrovertible evidence needed to either overthrow Einstein and his theories or further enshrine them. And, they may also yield results falling somewhere in the middle ground.

Cosmology from quantum potential

by Ahmed Farag Ali 1,2 ∗ and Saurya Das 3 †

1. Center for Theoretical Physics,
Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12588, Egypt.
2. Dept. of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt. and
3. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4

It was shown recently that replacing classical geodesics with quantal (Bohmian) trajectories gives rise to a quantum corrected Raychaudhuri equation (QRE). In this article we derive the second order Friedmann equations from the QRE, and show that this also contains a couple of quantum correction terms, the first of which can be interpreted as cosmological constant (and gives a correct estimate of its observed value), while the second as a radiation term in the early universe, which gets rid of the big-bang singularity and predicts an infinite age of our universe.

The generally accepted view of our universe (homogeneous, isotropic, spatially flat, obeying general relativity, and currently consisting of about 72% Dark Energy, likely in the form of a cosmological constant Λ, about 23% Dark Matter, and the rest observable matter), implies its small acceleration, as inferred from Type IA supernova observations, CMBR data and baryon acoustic oscillations. However, quite a few things remain to be better understood, e.g.:

(i) the smallness of Λ, about 10−123 in Planck units (‘the smallness problem’),
(ii) the approximate equality of vacuum and matter density in the current epoch (‘the coincidence problem’),
(iii) the apparent extreme fine-tuning required in the early universe, to have a spatially flat universe in the current epoch (‘the flatness problem’),
(iv) the true nature of dark matter, and
(v) the beginning of our universe, or the so-called big- bang.

In summary, we have shown here that as for the QRE, the second order Friedmann equation derived from the QRE also contains two quantum correction terms. These terms are generic and unavoidable and follow naturally in a quantum mechanical description of our universe. Of these, the first can be interpreted as cosmological con- stant or dark energy of the correct (observed) magnitude and a small mass of the graviton (or axion). The second quantum correction term pushes back the time singu- larity indefinitely, and predicts an everlasting universe. While inhomogeneous or anisotropic perturbations are not expected to significantly affect these results, it would be useful to redo the current study with such small per- turbations to rigorously confirm that this is indeed the case. Also, as noted in the introduction, we assume it to follow general relativity, whereas the Einstein equations may themselves undergo quantum corrections, especially at early epochs, further affecting predictions. Given the robust set of starting assumptions, we expect our main results to continue to hold even if and when a fully satis- factory theory of quantum gravity is formulated. For the cosmological constant problem at late times on the other hand, quantum gravity effects are practically absent and can be safely ignored. We hope to report on these and related issues elsewhere.

See: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1404.3093v3.pdf

No Big Bang? Quantum equation predicts universe has no beginning

by Lisa Zyga , Phys.org

February 9, 2015

bigbang.jpeg
This is an artist's concept of the metric expansion of space, where space (including hypothetical non-observable portions of the universe) is represented at each time by the circular sections. Note on the left the dramatic expansion (not to scale) occurring in the inflationary epoch, and at the center the expansion acceleration. The scheme is decorated with WMAP images on the left and with the representation of stars at the appropriate level of development. Credit: NASA

The universe may have existed forever, according to a new model that applies quantum correction terms to complement Einstein's theory of general relativity. The model may also account for dark matter and dark energy, resolving multiple problems at once.

The widely accepted age of the universe, as estimated by general relativity, is 13.8 billion years. In the beginning, everything in existence is thought to have occupied a single infinitely dense point, or singularity. Only after this point began to expand in a "Big Bang" did the universe officially begin.

Although the Big Bang singularity arises directly and unavoidably from the mathematics of general relativity, some scientists see it as problematic because the math can explain only what happened immediately after—not at or before—the theorized singularity.

"The Big Bang singularity is the most serious problem of general relativity because the laws of physics appear to break down there," Ahmed Farag Ali at Benha University and the Zewail City of Science and Technology, both in Egypt, told Phys.org.
Ali and coauthor Saurya Das at the University of Lethbridge in Alberta, Canada, have shown in a paper published in Physics Letters B that the Big Bang singularity can be resolved by their new model in which the universe has no beginning and no end.

Old ideas revisited
The physicists emphasize that their quantum correction terms are not applied ad hoc in an attempt to specifically eliminate the Big Bang singularity. Their work is based on ideas by the theoretical physicist David Bohm, who is also known for his contributions to the philosophy of physics. Starting in the 1950s, Bohm explored replacing classical geodesics (the shortest path between two points on a curved surface) with quantum trajectories.

In their paper, Ali and Das applied these Bohmian trajectories to an equation developed in the 1950s by physicist Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri at Presidency University in Kolkata, India. Raychaudhuri was also Das's teacher when he was an undergraduate student of that institution in the '90s.

Using the quantum-corrected Raychaudhuri equation, Ali and Das derived quantum-corrected Friedmann equations, which describe the expansion and evolution of universe (including the Big Bang) within the context of general relativity. Although it's not a true theory of quantum gravity, the model does contain elements from both quantum theory and general relativity. Ali and Das also expect their results to hold even if and when a full theory of quantum gravity is formulated.

No singularities nor dark stuff
In addition to not predicting a Big Bang singularity, the new model does not predict a "big crunch" singularity, either. In general relativity, one possible fate of the universe is that it starts to shrink until it collapses in on itself in a big crunch and becomes an infinitely dense point once again.

Ali and Das explain in their paper that their model avoids singularities because of a key difference between classical geodesics and Bohmian trajectories. Classical geodesics eventually cross each other, and the points at which they converge are singularities. In contrast, Bohmian trajectories never cross each other, so singularities do not appear in the equations.

In cosmological terms, the scientists explain that the quantum corrections can be thought of as a cosmological constant term (without the need for dark energy) and a radiation term. These terms keep the universe at a finite size, and therefore give it an infinite age. The terms also make predictions that agree closely with current observations of the cosmological constant and density of the universe.

New gravity particle
In physical terms, the model describes the universe as being filled with a quantum fluid. The scientists propose that this fluid might be composed of gravitons—hypothetical massless particles that mediate the force of gravity. If they exist, gravitons are thought to play a key role in a theory of quantum gravity.

In a related paper, Das and another collaborator, Rajat Bhaduri of McMaster University, Canada, have lent further credence to this model. They show that gravitons can form a Bose-Einstein condensate (named after Einstein and another Indian physicist, Satyendranath Bose) at temperatures that were present in the universe at all epochs.

Motivated by the model's potential to resolve the Big Bang singularity and account for dark matter and dark energy, the physicists plan to analyze their model more rigorously in the future. Their future work includes redoing their study while taking into account small inhomogeneous and anisotropic perturbations, but they do not expect small perturbations to significantly affect the results.

"It is satisfying to note that such straightforward corrections can potentially resolve so many issues at once," Das said.

See: https://phys.org/news/2015-02-big-quantum-equation-universe.html

Dark matter and dark energy from Bose-Einstein condensate

March 25, 2015

by Saurya Das 1∗ and Rajat K. Bhaduri2†

1. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
2. Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1

We show that Dark Matter consisting of bosons of mass of about 1 eV or less has critical tem- perature exceeding the temperature of the universe at all times, and hence would have formed a Bose-Einstein condensate at very early epochs. We also show that the wavefunction of this condensate, via the quantum potential it produces, gives rise to a cosmological constant which may account for the correct dark energy content of our universe. We argue that massive gravitons or axions are viable candidates for these constituents. In the far future this condensate is all that remains of our universe.

In this paper we show that if dark matter (DM) is assumed to consist of a gas of bosons of mass m, then for m ≤ 1eV , the critical temperature below which they will form a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) exceeds the temperature of the universe at all times. Therefore they would form such a condensate at very early epochs, in which a macroscopic fraction of the bosons fall to the ground state with little or no momentum and zero pressure, and therefore may be considered as viable candidates for cold dark matter (CDM). Further, via the quantum po- tential that it produces, the macroscopic wavefunction of the condensate gives rise to a positive cosmological constant in the Friedmann equation, whose magnitude depends on m, and for m ≃ 10−32 eV , one obtains the observed value of the cosmological constant. Therefore bosons with this tiny mass can account for both DM and dark energy (DE) in our universe. We argue that massive gravitons or axions are viable candidates for these bosons. Finally we speculate on the ultimate fate of our universe, and end with some open problems.

In summary, we have shown here that bosons of tiny mass should form a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) at early times and may account for the DM content of the universe, while its macro- scopic wavefunction can account for the DE. Both mas- sive gravitons and axions are viable candidates of bosons of this mass, and hence that of DM and DE. While the former requires a modification of general relativity, the latter requires extension of the standard model.

While this picture predicts a high degree of homogeneity and isotropy at large scales (as observed), it still allows for relatively small variations of densities, temperatures etc. at smaller scales. It will be interesting to investigate other testable predictions of this BEC, such as its heat capacity, the distribution of DM, response to galaxy ro- tations etc. We hope to report on these elsewhere.

Screenshot 2023-03-19 at 16.10.41.png
FIG. 1: NB and NR vs. T. .

Note added
In this note we list features of previous works in BEC in the context of cosmology. In [9], the authors use the same formula for Tc as our Eq.(1), and conjectured that the infinite heat conductivity of the BEC may account for the uniform microwave background temperature. In [10], it was proposed that the BEC manifests itself as DE and DM at different epochs. In [11], DM candidate of a BEC formed out of the ‘phion’ field in modified gravity was considered. In [12], a cold star composed of a dilute BEC was studied. In [13], [16], [17], [18], [20] and [21], properties of various forms of BEC DM were studied. In [14] and [24], the possibility of axions as a BEC was examined. Background geometries and black holes made up of BEC were considered in [15]. DM composed of a BEC of particles obeying infinite statistics was studied in [19]. In [22] BEC in loop quantum cosmology was studied. In [23] it was shown that DM can be well approximated by BEC at large scales, although their estimate of boson mass was higher than that proposed in this paper.

See: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1411.0753.pdf

Bose-Einstein condensate in cosmology

August 30, 2018

Saurya Das (U. Lethbridge), R. K. Bhaduri (McMaster U.)

Applying the seminal work of Bose in 1924 on what was later known as Bose-Einstein statistics, Einstein predicted in 1925 that at sufficiently low temperatures, a macroscopic fraction of constituents of a gas of bosons will drop down to the lowest available energy state, forming a `giant molecule' or a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), described by a `macroscopic wavefunction'. In this article we show that when the BEC of ultralight bosons extends over cosmological length scales, it can potentially explain the origins of both dark matter and dark energy. We speculate on the nature of these bosons.
Two of the enduring mysteries in cosmology are dark
matter (DM) and dark energy (DE). Whereas DM holds
the rotating galaxies together, DE makes the expanding
universe accelerate. In accounting for the distribution
of mass/energy in the universe, visible hadronic matter
and radiation contribute only about five percent, DM
about twenty five percent, while the rest, a whopping
seventy percent, comes from DE . To start with, the constituents of DE are not known, despite viable candidates such as the cosmological constant and a dynamical scalar field. The constituents of DM are not known either. There has been many studies invoking weakly in- teracting massive particles (WIMPs) that may form cold DM. Not only does it have shortcomings in reproducing the DM density profiles within a galaxy, no such particle has been experimentally found. Other DM candidates include solitons, massive compact (halo) objects, primordial black holes, gravitons etc. They have similar shortcomings.

Given that DM is all-pervading, cold and dark, and clumped near galaxies, we pose the following question: can it be a giant BEC, of cosmological length scales? Following the paper by Bose which laid the foundations of Bose-Einstein statistics [9], Einstein predicted that a gas of bosons will form a BEC at sufficiently low tem- peratures [10]. Here we show that following an earlier proposal by the current authors:

(i) a sea of weakly interacting light bosons can form a BEC, preserving large scale homogeneity and isotropy, and be a viable DM candidate, as long as the mass of each constituent does not exceed a few eV/c2 2, and
(ii) the quantum potential associated with the above BEC can also explain DE.

Note that in a BEC, the bosons are in the lowest energy state that is nearly at zero energy, even if outside the condensate the bosons are highly relativistic due to its low mass. We should point out that BEC model for DM has been studied by many authors in the past. For example, one can consider a scalar field dark matter (SFDM) that invokes spin zero ultralight bosons whose Compton wave length spans cosmic distances. But as mentioned earlier, the novel aspect of our model is that it also provides us with a viable source of DE. In this semi-technical article, we present the bulk of our work in an elementary fashion using Newtonian dynamics, after staging the backdrop of the cosmological model.

There has been many studies invoking weakly in- teracting massive particles (WIMPs) that may form cold DM. Not only does it have shortcomings in reproducing the DM density profiles within a galaxy, no such par- ticle has been experimentally found. Other DM candidates include solitons, massive compact (halo) objects, primordial black holes, gravitons etc. They have similar shortcomings.

Given that DM is all-pervading, cold and dark, and clumped near galaxies, we pose the following question: can it be a giant BEC, of cosmological length scales? Following the paper by Bose which laid the foundations of Bose-Einstein statistics, Einstein predicted that a gas of bosons will form a BEC at sufficiently low temperatures.

See: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1808.10505.pdf

See: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4182-x

When you consider a universe following the standard Einstein cosmology, the dynamics of the universe is described by Einstein's general relativity equations, one can see that there exists a mysterious singularity at the beginning of time, the so-called big bang. This singularity may be considered as a deficiency of Einstein cosmology at high energies. Actually, you may assert that the big bang implies the breakdown of general relativity at scales with high energies, whereas we know from the observational evidence, such as the existence of the cosmic microwave background, that the big bang model works at scales lower than Planck energy scale. At these scales, the universe was full of a hot photon–baryon combination almost described as a radiation fluid. This hot combination was cooling down as the universe was experiencing the expansion, and due to the different scaling behaviors of pure radiation and pure matter, the energy density of non-relativistic matter started to dominate over the energy density of radiation and led to the formation of structures, which we see today as the galactic filaments and the cosmic web.

In the Bose–Einstein Condensation (BEC) model, the dark matter can be described as a non-relativistic Newtonian gravitational condensate, whose pressure and energy density are related by a barotropic equation of state. Based on the above arguments, we assume the possibility that the Bose–Einstein condensation might have happened during the early stages of cosmological evolution of the universe with a temperature comparable to the critical temperature for Bose–Einstein condensation, where m is the particle mass, n is the particle density, and 𝑘BkB is Boltzmann’s constant.

If you assume there are two phases of dark matter, one as the bosonic particles before BEC, and the other one as BEC dark matter, you might ask: “is there any experimental indication for the occurrence of BEC, the existence of these two phases, and the preference of one to the other one?” and “why is it necessary to distinguish ordinary dark matter from BEC dark matter?” Of course, at present there is no direct evidence for the occurrence of BEC, the existence of these two phases, and the preference of one to the other one in the current explanations of the early universe.
Hartmann352
 
Ahmed Farag and Saurya Das offer two papers explaining a non-singularity based theory of the universe which shows the universe having an infinite age.
Did they explain the properties of this infinite aged universe.

Is it something like a timeless, dimensionless, permittive condition?
Because that would be "nothing".

I can believe in an ageless nothingness. An ageless something seems logically problematic.
 
Although the Big Bang singularity arises directly and unavoidably from the mathematics of general relativity, some scientists see it as problematic because the math can explain only what happened immediately after—not at or before—the theorized singularity.
Why does there need to be a "before"?
In a timeless, dimensionless condition of nothingness there is no "continuation or causality, only a causal beginning, a singular dynamical "now".

Hence the unrestricted ability of the inflationary epoch to expand at FTL , until a self-limiting geometry and thermal cooling allowed for emergent relational quantum values (quarks and electrons) and mathematical (logical) interactive functions, resulting in the establishment of SOL as the fundamental ability for quantum renewal.

Forgive the musings of a Bohm fan. I realize in a deterministic universe that there is always a prior causality, but is that not a speculative assumption to begin with?

In a timeless, dimensionless permittive condition of nothingness, why can there not be an uncaused causality?
 
Last edited:
Ahmed Farag Ali at Benha University and the Zewail City of Science and Technology in Egypt and Saurya Das at the University of Lethbridge in Alberta, Canada, believe they have solved the puzzle of what happened in the singularity (an eminently dense and incredibly tiny mass) which is thought to be the beginning of the universe.

Moreover, they claimed to have proved by quantum equations that something must have come before it. If correct, they will have answered one of the greatest enigmas in theoretical physics. The new model also challenges the notion of a Big Crunch, which says that the universe will eventually collapse in on itself and return to the state of a new singularity

However, by doing so, Ali and Das are directly challenging the orthodox theory upheld by the majority of scientists, who believe that the universe began 13.8 billion years ago after the singularity exploded, creating everything which exists.

If their model proves correct, it will fill a great hole in Einstein’s theory of general relativity which, while capable of explaining what happened after the Big Bang, still cannot account for what happened inside the singularity, nor what existed before it. So far, standard physics has has been incapable of answering these questions.

Ahmed Farag Ali of Benha University and the Zewail City of Science and Technology in Egypt told Phys.org that “The Big Bang singularity is the most serious problem of general relativity because the laws of physics appear to break down there.”

Das, the co-author of the paper published in Physics Letters B, says that their work resolves the riddle of the Big Bang and the inconsistencies in general relativity by proving that the universe is infinite.

The model also suggests that there is no need for dark energy or dark matter to resolve the unanswered questions about the nature of the universe. Instead, it postulates that the universe is filled with a quantum fluid and this could be made of the yet undiscovered gravitons, which are speculated to be massless particles mediating the force of gravity.

However, this is not some fringe study. Their research is based on sound theoretical physics. In particular, they followed the work of one the greatest theoretical physicists of the 20th century, David Bohm. He endeavored to replace classical geodesics (the shortest path between two points on a curved surface) with quantum trajectories.

According to Phys.org, “Ali and Das applied these Bohmian trajectories* to an equation developed in the 1950s by physicist Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri at Presidency University in Kolkata, India. Raychaudhuri was also Das’s teacher when he was an undergraduate student of that institution in the ’90s.”

Ali and Das’ model avoids singularities because of the major difference between classical geodesics and Bohmian trajectories. “Classical geodesics eventually cross each other,” says Phy.org, “and the points at which they converge are singularities. In contrast, Bohmian trajectories never cross each other, so singularities do not appear in the equations.”

The researches explain that “In cosmological terms the quantum corrections can be thought of as a cosmological constant term (without the need for dark energy) and a radiation term. These terms keep the universe at a finite size and therefore give it an infinite age,” which “agree closely with current observations of the cosmological constant and density of the universe.”

In an another paper, Das and Rajat Bhaduri of McMaster University, Canada, have given more credence to the new model. They propose that gravitons are able to form a Bose-Einstein condensate at temperatures which the universe has had throughout its existence.

The physicists are now planning to analyze their findings in more detail, which includes repeating their research.

Phys.org quotes Das as saying “It is satisfying to note that such straightforward corrections can potentially resolve so many issues at once.”

* Bohmian trajectories - Bohmian mechanics, which is also called the de Broglie-Bohm theory, the pilot-wave model, and the causal interpretation of quantum mechanics, is a version of quantum theory discovered by Louis de Broglie in 1927 and rediscovered by David Bohm in 1952. It is the simplest example of what is often called a hidden variables interpretation of quantum mechanics. In Bohmian mechanics a system of particles is described in part by its wave function, evolving, as usual, according to Schrödinger’s equation. However, the wave function provides only a partial description of the system. This description is completed by the specification of the actual positions of the particles. The latter evolve according to the “guiding equation”, which expresses the velocities of the particles in terms of the wave function.

Thus, in Bohmian mechanics the configuration of a system of particles evolves via a deterministic motion choreographed by the wave function. In particular, when a particle is sent into a two-slit apparatus, the slit through which it passes and its location upon arrival on the photographic plate are completely determined by its initial position and wave function.

Bohmian mechanics inherits and makes explicit the nonlocality implicit in the notion, common to just about all formulations and interpretations of quantum theory, of a wave function on the configuration space of a many-particle system. It accounts for all of the phenomena governed by nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, from spectral lines and scattering theory to superconductivity, the quantum Hall effect and quantum computing. In particular, the usual measurement postulates of quantum theory, including collapse of the wave function and probabilities given by the absolute square of probability amplitudes, emerge from an analysis of the two equations of motion: Schrödinger’s equation and the guiding equation. No invocation of a special, and somewhat obscure, status for observation is required.

Read more: https://www.digitaljournal.com/tech...had-no-beginning/article/425708#ixzz7wSHKrGJJ

Especially problematical from an orthodox perspective is quantum cosmology, for which the relevant quantum system is the entire universe, and hence there is no observer outside the system to cause collapse of the wave function upon measurement. In this setting Bohmian models have clarified the issue of the inevitability of the presence of singularities in theories of quantum gravity (Falciano, Pinto-Neto, & Struyve 2015). For a discussion of how a Bohmian perspective can eliminate some conceptual difficulties arising in quantum gravity, such as the problem of time and the problem of the absence of sufficiently many diffeomorphism-invariant observables, see Goldstein & Teufel 2001.

Another claim that has become popular in recent years is that Bohmian mechanics is an Everettian, or “many worlds”, interpretation in disguise (see entry on the many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics for an overview of such interpretations).

The idea is that Bohmians, like Everettians, must take the wave-function as physically real. Moreover, since Bohmian mechanics involves no wave-function collapse (for the wave function of the universe), all of the branches of the wave function, and not just the one that happens to be occupied by the actual particle configuration, persist. These branches are those that Everettians regard as representing parallel worlds. As David Deutsch expresses the charge,
the “unoccupied grooves” must be physically real. Moreover they obey the same laws of physics as the “occupied groove” that is supposed to be “the” universe. But that is just another way of saying that they are universes too. … In short, pilot-wave theories are parallel-universes theories in a state of chronic denial. (Deutsch 1996: 225)
See Brown and Wallace (2005) for an extended version of this argument. Not surprisingly, Bohmians do not agree that the branches of the wave function should be construed as representing worlds. For one Bohmian response, see Maudlin (2010). Other Bohmian responses have been given by Lewis (2007) and Valentini (2010b).
The claim of Deutsch, Brown, and Wallace is of a novel character that we should perhaps pause to examine. On the one hand, for anyone who, like Wallace, accepts the viability of a functionalist many-worlds understanding of quantum mechanics—and in particular accepts that it follows as a matter of functional and structural analysis that when the wave function develops suitable complex patterns these ipso facto describe what we should regard as worlds—the claim should be compelling. On the other hand, for those who reject the functional analysis and regard many worlds as ontologically inadequate (see Maudlin 2010), or who, like Vaidman (see the SEP entry on the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics), accepts many worlds on non-functionalist grounds, the claim should seem empty. In other words, one has basically to have already accepted a strong version of many worlds and already rejected Bohm in order to feel the force of the claim.

Another interesting aspect of the claim is this: It seems that one could consider, at least as a logical possibility, a world consisting of particles moving according to some well-defined equations of motion, and in particular according to the equations of Bohmian mechanics. It seems entirely implausible that there should be a logical problem with doing so. We should be extremely sceptical of any argument, like the claim of Deutsch, Brown, and Wallace, that suggests that there is. Thus what, in defense of many worlds, Deutsch, Brown, and Wallace present as an objection to Bohmian mechanics should perhaps be regarded instead as an objection to many worlds itself.

There is one striking feature of Bohmian mechanics that is often presented as an objection: in Bohmian mechanics the wave function acts upon the positions of the particles but, evolving as it does autonomously via Schrödinger’s equation, it is not acted upon by the particles. This is regarded by some Bohmians, not as an objectionable feature of the theory, but as an important clue about the meaning of the quantum-mechanical wave function. Dürr, Goldstein, & Zanghì (1997) and Goldstein & Teufel (2001) discuss this point and suggest that from a deeper perspective than afforded by standard Bohmian mechanics or quantum theory, the wave function should be regarded as nomological, as an object for conveniently expressing the law of motion somewhat analogous to the Hamiltonian in classical mechanics, and that a time-dependent Schrödinger-type equation, from this deeper (cosmological) perspective, is merely phenomenological.

Bohmian mechanics does not account for phenomena such as particle creation and annihilation characteristic of quantum field theory. This is not an objection to Bohmian mechanics but merely a recognition that quantum field theory explains a great deal more than does nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, whether in orthodox or Bohmian form. It does, however, underline the need to find an adequate, if not compelling, Bohmian version of quantum field theory, and of gauge theories in particular. Some rather tentative steps in this direction can be found in Bohm & Hiley 1993, Holland 1993, Bell 1987b), and in some of the articles in Cushing, Fine, & Goldstein 1996.

A crucial issue is whether a quantum field theory is fundamentally about fields or particles—or something else entirely. While the most common choice is fields (see Struyve 2010 for an assessment of a variety of possibilities), Bell’s is particles. His proposal is in fact the basis of a canonical extension of Bohmian mechanics to general quantum field theories, and these “Bell-type quantum field theories” (Dürr et al. 2004 and 2005) describe a stochastic evolution of particles that involves particle creation and annihilation. (For a general discussion of this issue, and of the point and value of Bohmian mechanics, see the exchange of letters between Goldstein and Weinberg by following the link provided in the Other Internet Resources section below.)
Inspired by the structure of Bell-type quantum field theories, Tumulka has developed a novel approach to the problem of the ultraviolet divergences of quantum field theory based on what he calls interior boundary conditions. (See D. Dürr et al. 2020b and the references therein.)

For a brief introduction to Bohmian mechanics see Tumulka 2021. For longer accessible presentations see Bricmont 2016, Norsen 2017, Bricmont 2018, and Maudlin 2019.

See: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-bohm/
 
“The Big Bang singularity is the most serious problem of general relativity because the laws of physics appear to break down there.”
There is the assumption. The laws of physics did not break down at the Big Bang.
They were created by the Big Bang. Perhaps prior to the Big Bang there were no laws of physics because there was only a timeless, dimensionless permittive condition.
 
There is a common misconception (especially among apologists of various religious persuasions) that the laws of physics are actually some sort of “entities” that “exist” and that were “created” at some point. This allows them to argue that somebody (hint, hint, GOD) must have created them and also that it’s somehow illogical for atheists to claim the birth of the universe was due to the operation of purely natural laws since those laws “didn’t exist” prior to the Big Bang.

In reality, however, the laws of physics are merely our descriptions of how the universe currently works, in cases where we have discovered that certain things occur in regular and predictable ways. At most, you can say that the universe began to behave in the ways described by these laws at the moment of the Big Bang, but that doesn’t mean there were no laws of physics before the Big Bang. Instead, it just means that the universe acted differently prior to the Big Bang than it did afterwards, and the laws of physics to describe how the universe behaved then will be different than the ones we know of now.

We may never know exactly how the universe behaved prior to the Big Bang and therefore never understand what the laws of physics were at that time. But that’s not to say that there were no laws of physics prior to the Big Bang or that the laws of physics were somehow “created” after the Big Bang.
 
But that’s not to say that there were no laws of physics prior to the Big Bang or that the laws of physics were somehow “created” after the Big Bang.
Why could we not say that the laws of physics emerged just after the BB?

Else it could be argued that God created the laws of physics before the BB.

The term creation itself suggests a creator. I like the concept of emergence.

We can prove that by say, the 3 potential emergent states of liquid, solid or gas formed by the same number of H2O molecules, depending on temperature and density pattern.

Doesn't Chaos Theory describe the phenomenon of emergent patterns?
These patterns had no prior existence, until the self-organizing elements emerged.